![]() Another related endeavor proposed the use of KML and Google Earth to generate a cost-effective site information management platform which integrated site photos, 3D models, and the building environment. It provides various data models to support advanced visualization techniques including AR. In, KML was used to visualize building energy simulation results integrated with BIM. In contrast, KML-which represents a markup language specialized for data modeling in Google Earth-focuses on data integration and visualization. However, it lacks the functionality to support AR modeling based on site photos or videos. The integration of BIM and CityGML provides an effective means to manage indoor building information and outdoor environmental information. Ensuing research endeavors were intended to improve the conversion of semantic information using semantic mapping and ontology. Earlier works in this area focused on the conversion of geometric models. Majority of the works have attempted to covert semantically rich IFC models to CityGML models by taking advantage of the capability of GIS to handle huge datasets with a server-based approach. The integration between IFC and CityGML is the most investigated approach for integrated information modeling of buildings. Both the open source BIM standard of industrial foundation class (IFC) and Web GIS formats (including LandXML, City Geography Markup Language (CityGML), and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) ) are based on XML. LandXML is mainly intended for enhancing interoperability of data utilization in the land development industry. To tackle unstructured data, researchers utilized variants of Extensible Markup Language (XML) to develop shared project information models thanks to its extensibility and interoperability on the web schemas. ![]() Considerable attention has been placed on the integration of BIM models and GIS so as to integrate the indoor as-built information and the outdoor environmental information. GIS has achieved significant success in managing large-scale heterogeneous spatial information. Nonetheless, incorporating AR into BIM software is still practically infeasible due to inherent limitations of BIM software in handling large external datasets for real-time rendering. Researchers have also leveraged on the benefits of integrating BIM and AR. However, the absence of an accurate model of the surrounding environment, for example, those 3D site models generally provided by 3D GIS systems, makes AR less instrumental in construction engineering applications that demand the representation of frequent, intensive interactions and relationships between the facilities being built and the site environment, especially where the project is situated in crowded cities or environmentally fragile areas. AR has gained substantial attention lately due to its capability to combine site photos and as-planned 3D models. īIM demonstrates great potential to model rich geometric and semantic information of a building object but lacks the capability to incorporate as-built and environmental information. ![]() At present, engineers and project managers can be overwhelmed with various information coming from different sources (as listed in Table 1) however, maintaining large-volume heterogeneous datasets would become a big burden unless they can be linked and managed together to enable efficient information retrieval and facilitate problem identification. Such data include (1) as-planned information that describes the design and the scope of the project, (2) as-built information that describes the actual situation on the construction site, and (3) environmental information that can be used to evaluate the impact of the environment on the project and the impact of the project on the environment. During the planning process, a large volume of data are collected and created to identify potential problems on the construction site and select proper construction methods and procedures in order to ensure safety and on-time delivery of the project. ![]() Construction project planning and control requires an integral and comprehensive understanding of the construction site.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |